Apr 28, 2023 · On average, catalytic converter will contain 3 to 7 grams (0.1-0.3 ounces) of platinum. It’s also made of several other materials, such as palladium and rhodium. These materials are worth a lot of money to scrap, even if there are not a lot of them in the catalytic converter. In this guide, I examine how platinum is removed from the catalytic ... 2. Clogging up of the catalytic converter. The photo on the left shows a clogged up catalytic converter from one of the cars we repaired. There are many reasons that can cause the catalytic converter to clog up, including bad gasoline, increased engine oil consumption, coolant leaks from the intake or a head gasket.Dec 26, 2022 · A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device of your vehicle that is responsible for reducing the amount of pollutants and toxic gases from the exhaust gas. Exhaust gas is the result of the internal ignition of the engine of a vehicle. It contains a lot of pollutants and toxic gases that harm the environment after coming out ... Jan 17, 2021 · Catalytic converters are typically made from steel, aluminum, copper, and other alloys.They help in reducing emissions from diesel engines. Catalytic converters require a significant amount of energy to create so these scrap prices can be quite high in comparison to the value of other metals. However, when it comes to catalytic converter thefts, thieves spare no one. The mechanics we spoke to said the most targeted cars for catalytic converter thefts are “regular” cars that common folk drive. Between January and May 2021, car thieves stole almost 26,000 catalytic converters in the United States. This equates to 5200 thefts a month!Aug 4, 2023 · Palladium has a price of $2,049 per ounce or $65 per gram. Platinum has a price of $977 per ounce or $31 per gram. On average, a catalytic converter contains 3-7 grams of platinum, 2-7 grams of palladium, and 1-2 grams of rhodium. Speaking purely in numbers, that’s at least $700 in precious metals alone, but there’s a catch. Feb 13, 2022 · A catalytic converter is part of your car’s exhaust system that converts harmful engine-exhaust pollutants into something less harmful to the environment. A catalytic converter is part of your... Palladium has a price of $2,049 per ounce or $65 per gram. Platinum has a price of $977 per ounce or $31 per gram. On average, a catalytic converter contains 3-7 grams of platinum, 2-7 grams of palladium, and 1-2 grams of rhodium. Speaking purely in numbers, that’s at least $700 in precious metals alone, but there’s a catch.Three different chemical reactions are going on at the same time, that’s why it is also known as three-way catalytic converters. Some, less-effective converters carry out only the second two oxidation addition reactions, so they’re called two-way catalytic converters. After the catalyst has done its job, what emerge from the exhaust is ...Catalytic converters often last for at least 10 years, or between 70,000 and 100,000 miles. However, it’s possible that the catalytic converter on a car that is used only for short start-stop journeys could wear out faster because the engine and cat won’t be able to reach their optimum operating temperature before being switched off. Catalytic converters take a lot of abuse, mainly because as part of your exhaust, they work in one of the hottest parts of your car: the engine. However, your catalytic converter can fail for various reasons, including age, rust, or general engine wear and tear. You might also be surprised to learn that catalytic converter theft is a common ... Three different chemical reactions are going on at the same time, that’s why it is also known as three-way catalytic converters. Some, less-effective converters carry out only the second two oxidation addition reactions, so they’re called two-way catalytic converters. After the catalyst has done its job, what emerge from the exhaust is ...Part of the scare and frustration of catalytic converters is the fact that prices for replacement vary wildly. The main difference in lies within direct-fit vs a universal fit unit. For many vehicles, a muffler shop can easily weld in a universal replacement converter for $2-300.00.A new catalytic converter costs anywhere from $600 to $2,500. Keep in mind that some vehicles have more than one converter, which would increase the overall cost. If you’re looking to save some cash, you can consider purchasing a catalytic converter from a scrap yard. Prices on catalytic converters: Source. Price Range.The department hopes the combination of license plate numbers etched on converters; a sticker that reads, “This vehicle’s catalytic converter has been etched by the Takoma Park Police Dept ...Apr 28, 2023 · On average, catalytic converter will contain 3 to 7 grams (0.1-0.3 ounces) of platinum. It’s also made of several other materials, such as palladium and rhodium. These materials are worth a lot of money to scrap, even if there are not a lot of them in the catalytic converter. In this guide, I examine how platinum is removed from the catalytic ... Aug 20, 2023 · A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the emissions from an internal combustion engine (used in most modern day automobiles and vehicles). Not enough oxygen is available to oxidize the carbon fuel in these engines completely into carbon dioxide and water; thus toxic by-products are produced. Catalytic converters are used in exhaust ... Apr 26, 2021 · Catalytic converters form part of a car's exhaust system. They contain a honeycomb coated with precious metals such as platinum, palladium and rhodium which help to reduce and filter harmful gases ... Apr 19, 2023 · The NICB says a typical catalytic converter can fetch anywhere from “$50 to $250” apiece. That might not sound like much, but consider that a quick-working thief needs a few short minutes to ... Jul 20, 2023 · Newer models like Honda’s 2015 Accord or Jazz have their catalytic converter inside the engine compartment, making it harder for them to be stolen by thieves. The catalytic converters on Cars like Ford, Chevrolet, Jeep, Dodge, Mazda, Nissan, Subaru, Hyundai, and Chrysler are less likely to be stolen because of the value of the precious metals ... Catalytic converters are a vital component of a car’s exhaust or emissions system, reducing the pollutants entering the atmosphere. The metal catalyst neutralizes harmful gases like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, turning them into water vapor and carbon dioxide. Catalytic converters have been mandated in the U.S. since 1975.A catalytic converter is a large metal box, bolted to the underside of your car, that has two pipes coming out of it. One of them (the converter's "input") is connected to the engine and brings in hot, polluted fumes from the engine's cylinders (where the fuel burns and produces power).Below are the benefits of high-flow cats: 1. Prevents improper fuel mix. An aftermarket high-flow converter can help prevent some of the commonly experienced issues with newer fuel systems. In most cars, the cat becomes clogged over time, especially when other fuel system parts aren’t working properly.Apr 28, 2023 · On average, catalytic converter will contain 3 to 7 grams (0.1-0.3 ounces) of platinum. It’s also made of several other materials, such as palladium and rhodium. These materials are worth a lot of money to scrap, even if there are not a lot of them in the catalytic converter. In this guide, I examine how platinum is removed from the catalytic ... However, when it comes to catalytic converter thefts, thieves spare no one. The mechanics we spoke to said the most targeted cars for catalytic converter thefts are “regular” cars that common folk drive. Between January and May 2021, car thieves stole almost 26,000 catalytic converters in the United States. This equates to 5200 thefts a month!Apr 6, 2021 · The main purpose of a catalytic converter is to reduce harmful gases. It also helps optimize the vehicle's performance and efficiency. Yes, it is somewhat true that eliminating the cat will notably improve the performance of a car, as there is no scope for exhaust backpressure which is caused because of clogged cat- combs. Catalytic converters are a key component of your car’s exhaust system. Their purpose is to turn the dangerous pollutants that are produced in your car’s engine into benign compounds. The ultimate goal of this auto part is to decrease the environmental harm caused by vehicle emissions.3. Toyota Prius. Toyota. The Toyota Prius is especially attractive when it comes to catalytic converter theft. This is partly due to the fact its gasoline-electric hybrid powertrain’s internal ...Simply search by make, model, or serial number to get an estimate of its worth. Ecotrade Group has an app called Eco Cat that provides access to over 20,000 scrap catalytic converter codes with prices and pictures. You can use this tool to quickly look up the value of your converter and get a quote from a buyer.So your car or truck is running well, but that "check engine" light is on, with a code P0420 or P0430, and related "catalyst efficiency below threshold" codes. You like your car, so you take it to be looked at. You choke on the estimate of $1400 or more to replace the converter on your car.Feb 14, 2023 · Catalytic Converters Clean The Air An engine is an inherently unclean machine. It mixes fuel and air, compresses it, ignites it, and uses the explosion from that ignition thousands of times per... Catalytic converters play an important role in reducing harmful emissions from vehicles. They work by utilizing chemical reactions to convert pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide into less harmful substances like water and carbon dioxide. This process is facilitated through the use of metal catalysts that promote and accelerate chemical reactions. In addition, […]Thefts of catalytic converters have spiked nationwide 01:47. Motorists across the U.S. are increasingly being met with a roaring noise when they turn on the ignition due to surging thefts of ...Dec 14, 2022 · The metals in catalytic converters are catalysts. Catalysts are compounds that trigger a chemical reaction without being affected themselves. Catalytic converters have a honeycomb structure because it provides a lot of surface area for a lot of reactions. Catalytic converters use elements like Platinum (Pt), Palladium (Pd), and Rhodium (Rh) as ... May 8, 2021 · Governors Urge Biden To Order 100% Zero-Emission Car Sales By 2035. The organization blames the under-vehicle crime wave on much higher prices for the valuable metals inside catalytic converters ... Catalytic converters often last for at least 10 years, or between 70,000 and 100,000 miles. However, it’s possible that the catalytic converter on a car that is used only for short start-stop journeys could wear out faster because the engine and cat won’t be able to reach their optimum operating temperature before being switched off. Oct 9, 2022 · 2. Clogging up of the catalytic converter. The photo on the left shows a clogged up catalytic converter from one of the cars we repaired. There are many reasons that can cause the catalytic converter to clog up, including bad gasoline, increased engine oil consumption, coolant leaks from the intake or a head gasket. Mar 3, 2021 · The value of the part. Catalytic converters are made of three different metals that hold a pretty steep price tag. Two of the metals, palladium and rhodium, are worth more per ounce than the price ... The upstream (before the catalytic converter) O2 sensor is the primary input to the powertrain control module (PCM) for fuel control. That being said, the PCM often uses the downstream (after the catalytic converter) O2 sensor to fine-tune the air-fuel mixture. So, yes, driving without the catalytic converter can lead to reduced fuel mileage.Apr 26, 2021 · Catalytic converters form part of a car's exhaust system. They contain a honeycomb coated with precious metals such as platinum, palladium and rhodium which help to reduce and filter harmful gases ... However, when it comes to catalytic converter thefts, thieves spare no one. The mechanics we spoke to said the most targeted cars for catalytic converter thefts are “regular” cars that common folk drive. Between January and May 2021, car thieves stole almost 26,000 catalytic converters in the United States. This equates to 5200 thefts a month! The organization blames the under-vehicle crime wave on much higher prices for the valuable metals inside catalytic converters. One metal, rhodium, has skyrocketed to about $28,000 an ounce ...Just the words "catalytic converter theft" can make car owners shudder. It's a highly inconvenient issue that's on the rise due to the valuable metals within these critical emissions-control devices.May 27, 2023 · Simply search by make, model, or serial number to get an estimate of its worth. Ecotrade Group has an app called Eco Cat that provides access to over 20,000 scrap catalytic converter codes with prices and pictures. You can use this tool to quickly look up the value of your converter and get a quote from a buyer. Catalytic converters are a key component of your car’s exhaust system. Their purpose is to turn the dangerous pollutants that are produced in your car’s engine into benign compounds. The ultimate goal of this auto part is to decrease the environmental harm caused by vehicle emissions.Thefts of catalytic converters have spiked nationwide 01:47. Motorists across the U.S. are increasingly being met with a roaring noise when they turn on the ignition due to surging thefts of ...Jan 17, 2021 · Catalytic converters are typically made from steel, aluminum, copper, and other alloys.They help in reducing emissions from diesel engines. Catalytic converters require a significant amount of energy to create so these scrap prices can be quite high in comparison to the value of other metals. What’s The Difference Between A CARB Compliant Catalytic Converter And A Regular Catalytic Converter? Catalytic converters of any description are good news for the environment. Gas powered vehicles emit a lot of greenhouse gasses that are dangerous for our environment, and the catalytic converters found in such vehicles work to reduce this ... What’s slowing the catalytic converter crime wave? Stolen catalytic converters aren’t worth as much anymore. The price of palladium has fallen in recent months.Catalytic converters are a key component of your car’s exhaust system. Their purpose is to turn the dangerous pollutants that are produced in your car’s engine into benign compounds. The ultimate goal of this auto part is to decrease the environmental harm caused by vehicle emissions.Watch a Catalytic Converter in Action. In Wichita, Kansas, thieves stole "more than 500" catalytic converters in 2020 as compared to "fewer than 200" in 2019, according to KAKE ABC. Thieves in ...A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction. What’s The Difference Between A CARB Compliant Catalytic Converter And A Regular Catalytic Converter? Catalytic converters of any description are good news for the environment. Gas powered vehicles emit a lot of greenhouse gasses that are dangerous for our environment, and the catalytic converters found in such vehicles work to reduce this ... Mar 3, 2021 · The value of the part. Catalytic converters are made of three different metals that hold a pretty steep price tag. Two of the metals, palladium and rhodium, are worth more per ounce than the price ... Just the words "catalytic converter theft" can make car owners shudder. It's a highly inconvenient issue that's on the rise due to the valuable metals within these critical emissions-control devices.Below are the benefits of high-flow cats: 1. Prevents improper fuel mix. An aftermarket high-flow converter can help prevent some of the commonly experienced issues with newer fuel systems. In most cars, the cat becomes clogged over time, especially when other fuel system parts aren’t working properly.SUVs and Pickups are most likely to have their catalytic converter stolen even though their converters are not costly. Their price is less than $50. Honda Vans, Toyota Priuses, and U-Haul are prone to converter theft. Such vehicle owners should park them in a well-lit parking lot and install cameras for security purposes.The metals in catalytic converters are catalysts. Catalysts are compounds that trigger a chemical reaction without being affected themselves. Catalytic converters have a honeycomb structure because it provides a lot of surface area for a lot of reactions. Catalytic converters use elements like Platinum (Pt), Palladium (Pd), and Rhodium (Rh) as ...Catalytic converters reduce 87% of hydrocarbon emissions, 85% carbon monoxide & 62% nitrous oxide throughout the expected car life. The catalytic converter is an essential device in gas-fueled cars. If the car generates emissions, it requires this converter. It reduces harmful emissions from the cars. What’s The Difference Between A CARB Compliant Catalytic Converter And A Regular Catalytic Converter? Catalytic converters of any description are good news for the environment. Gas powered vehicles emit a lot of greenhouse gasses that are dangerous for our environment, and the catalytic converters found in such vehicles work to reduce this ... Mar 9, 2023 · Additionally, the height of the vehicle makes it easier for thieves to reach the catalytic converter. With less time needed to get the job done and a good payday ahead, these are some of the most targeted vehicles. Ford F-250 and Toyota Tacoma are two great examples of this. 3. Luxury Cars. Thefts of catalytic converters have spiked nationwide 01:47. Motorists across the U.S. are increasingly being met with a roaring noise when they turn on the ignition due to surging thefts of ...Jul 1, 2022 · The most expensive catalytic converter in 2020 belonged to the Ferrari F430, which requires two catalytic converters that are valued at $4,500 each. In Conclusion Rhodium is a precious chemical element that helps clear toxins from the exhaust of automobiles. A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device of your vehicle that is responsible for reducing the amount of pollutants and toxic gases from the exhaust gas. Exhaust gas is the result of the internal ignition of the engine of a vehicle. It contains a lot of pollutants and toxic gases that harm the environment after coming out ...The type of catalytic converter a car has may depend on: The car’s size. Whether it’s a hybrid (hybrid engines don’t run as hot, which affects how the catalytic converter operates) Where the catalytic converter is located. The catalysts used. Whether the converter is approved in California ...Catalytic converters reduce 87% of hydrocarbon emissions, 85% carbon monoxide & 62% nitrous oxide throughout the expected car life. The catalytic converter is an essential device in gas-fueled cars. If the car generates emissions, it requires this converter. It reduces harmful emissions from the cars. U³Ù¾ß~3 þʪÿÙÝ ÿ·éuÛ9FøIB ‰+ëpWíxêèÃîã ‡ ( ÄH"“l"÷}Óòë {…{ £={ªè“¯ÄÓ(ñ5Iwÿ` ²¸¡ •¤¤q^ÿl¿êtµö6ÿÁ’Ú ÚŽó ... Jan 23, 2022 · Catalytic converters are a vital component of a car’s exhaust or emissions system, reducing the pollutants entering the atmosphere. The metal catalyst neutralizes harmful gases like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, turning them into water vapor and carbon dioxide. Catalytic converters have been mandated in the U.S. since 1975. Jan 23, 2022 · Catalytic converters are a vital component of a car’s exhaust or emissions system, reducing the pollutants entering the atmosphere. The metal catalyst neutralizes harmful gases like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, turning them into water vapor and carbon dioxide. Catalytic converters have been mandated in the U.S. since 1975. Apr 26, 2021 · Catalytic converters form part of a car's exhaust system. They contain a honeycomb coated with precious metals such as platinum, palladium and rhodium which help to reduce and filter harmful gases ... So your car or truck is running well, but that "check engine" light is on, with a code P0420 or P0430, and related "catalyst efficiency below threshold" codes. You like your car, so you take it to be looked at. You choke on the estimate of $1400 or more to replace the converter on your car.Apr 19, 2023 · The NICB says a typical catalytic converter can fetch anywhere from “$50 to $250” apiece. That might not sound like much, but consider that a quick-working thief needs a few short minutes to ... Jul 20, 2023 · Newer models like Honda’s 2015 Accord or Jazz have their catalytic converter inside the engine compartment, making it harder for them to be stolen by thieves. The catalytic converters on Cars like Ford, Chevrolet, Jeep, Dodge, Mazda, Nissan, Subaru, Hyundai, and Chrysler are less likely to be stolen because of the value of the precious metals ... The average catalytic converter has 3 to 7 grams of platinum worth about $100 – $237. Platinum is more valuable than gold, silver, and even palladium and is a good target for thieves. As of 2022, the platinum price is $997 per ounce and $32.18 per gram. Keep in mind the platinum price constantly fluctuates. According to data from 2020, the most expensive catalytic converter belonged to the Ferrari F430, with a mind-popping $3,770.00 price tag. Moreover, the F430 needed two of them, so a full replacement would run car owners $7,540 before labor costs. While the Lamborghini Aventador’s converter is technically the third most expensive, at $3,120 ...Apr 28, 2023 · On average, catalytic converter will contain 3 to 7 grams (0.1-0.3 ounces) of platinum. It’s also made of several other materials, such as palladium and rhodium. These materials are worth a lot of money to scrap, even if there are not a lot of them in the catalytic converter. In this guide, I examine how platinum is removed from the catalytic ... Mar 20, 2017 · California legal catalytic converters will comply with CARB labeling requirements. If an aftermarket catalytic converter does not comply with CARB labeling requirements, the vehicle will not pass a California smog inspection, and a smog certificate will not be issued. Pre-OBD II Vehicles (Model year 1995 and older): The upstream (before the catalytic converter) O2 sensor is the primary input to the powertrain control module (PCM) for fuel control. That being said, the PCM often uses the downstream (after the catalytic converter) O2 sensor to fine-tune the air-fuel mixture. So, yes, driving without the catalytic converter can lead to reduced fuel mileage.Catalytic converters play an important role in reducing harmful emissions from vehicles. They work by utilizing chemical reactions to convert pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide into less harmful substances like water and carbon dioxide. This process is facilitated through the use of metal catalysts that promote and accelerate chemical reactions. In addition, […]Oct 8, 2021 · The department hopes the combination of license plate numbers etched on converters; a sticker that reads, “This vehicle’s catalytic converter has been etched by the Takoma Park Police Dept ... Nov 4, 2022 · A theft ring that allegedly made millions from catalytic converters has been busted. And, crucially, their location on the exterior of a car's underside makes them easy to steal, David Glawe of ... Catalytic converters often last for at least 10 years, or between 70,000 and 100,000 miles. However, it’s possible that the catalytic converter on a car that is used only for short start-stop journeys could wear out faster because the engine and cat won’t be able to reach their optimum operating temperature before being switched off.
A ‘catalyst’ is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction, and within a catalytic converter, there are two types of catalyst. The first is a reduction catalyst which uses platinum and .... Santapercent27s secret
Aug 4, 2023 · Palladium has a price of $2,049 per ounce or $65 per gram. Platinum has a price of $977 per ounce or $31 per gram. On average, a catalytic converter contains 3-7 grams of platinum, 2-7 grams of palladium, and 1-2 grams of rhodium. Speaking purely in numbers, that’s at least $700 in precious metals alone, but there’s a catch. The department hopes the combination of license plate numbers etched on converters; a sticker that reads, “This vehicle’s catalytic converter has been etched by the Takoma Park Police Dept ...Oct 9, 2022 · 2. Clogging up of the catalytic converter. The photo on the left shows a clogged up catalytic converter from one of the cars we repaired. There are many reasons that can cause the catalytic converter to clog up, including bad gasoline, increased engine oil consumption, coolant leaks from the intake or a head gasket. So your car or truck is running well, but that "check engine" light is on, with a code P0420 or P0430, and related "catalyst efficiency below threshold" codes. You like your car, so you take it to be looked at. You choke on the estimate of $1400 or more to replace the converter on your car.Mar 3, 2021 · The value of the part. Catalytic converters are made of three different metals that hold a pretty steep price tag. Two of the metals, palladium and rhodium, are worth more per ounce than the price ... Just the words "catalytic converter theft" can make car owners shudder. It's a highly inconvenient issue that's on the rise due to the valuable metals within these critical emissions-control devices.What’s Inside A Catalytic Converter? Platinum – Platinum is a precious silvery-white metal, It was first encountered by the Spanish in South America in the... Palladium – Generally, is more expensive to use than Platinum, so it tends to be of a higher-end luxury item for... Rhodium – Used as a ...A catalytic converter is a device that uses a catalyst to convert three harmful compounds in car exhaust into harmless compounds. Nitrogen oxides (created when the heat in the engine forces nitrogen in the air to combine with oxygen) Carbon monoxide is a poison for any air-breathing animal. Nitrogen oxides lead to smog and acid rain, and ...Catalytic Converters Clean The Air An engine is an inherently unclean machine. It mixes fuel and air, compresses it, ignites it, and uses the explosion from that ignition thousands of times per...A catalytic converter can overheat due to excessive amounts of unburned gas, which may be caused by a leaky exhaust valve or a misfiring spark plug. Other causes include: A malfunctioning oxygen sensor, Unburned fuel, or. Poor maintenance. Symptoms associated with a bad converter include: Engine misfires, A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device of your vehicle that is responsible for reducing the amount of pollutants and toxic gases from the exhaust gas. Exhaust gas is the result of the internal ignition of the engine of a vehicle. It contains a lot of pollutants and toxic gases that harm the environment after coming out ...Aug 20, 2023 · A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the emissions from an internal combustion engine (used in most modern day automobiles and vehicles). Not enough oxygen is available to oxidize the carbon fuel in these engines completely into carbon dioxide and water; thus toxic by-products are produced. Catalytic converters are used in exhaust ... MagnaFlow California CARB Compliant Universal Catalytic Converter 2.25in 5411335. Part # 5411335. SKU # 244657. 5-Year Warranty. Check if this fits your vehicle. $88499. Free In-Store Pick Up. SELECT STORE. Home Delivery. Compare the flow to a similar car if possible. 3. High or low fuel consumption. Better or worse gas mileage is one of the symptoms of a poor catalytic converter. While better gas mileage may sound like a good deal, it can damage your engine and may cause even more expensive repairs.A catalytic converter typically has around 13 ounces of tungsten, making up about 90% of its weight and worth around 40$ on the market. The rest includes some copper, lead and nickel – all with lesser amounts exceeding two pounds each. Platinum accounts for about 0.03% of catalytic converter weight and is worth around 38 $ per gram. A ‘catalyst’ is a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction, and within a catalytic converter, there are two types of catalyst. The first is a reduction catalyst which uses platinum and ...What’s The Difference Between A CARB Compliant Catalytic Converter And A Regular Catalytic Converter? Catalytic converters of any description are good news for the environment. Gas powered vehicles emit a lot of greenhouse gasses that are dangerous for our environment, and the catalytic converters found in such vehicles work to reduce this ... Oct 26, 2021 · For catalytic converters, the repair order showing when the repair involving the catalytic converter was removed and that vehicle’s identification number; For those not authorized to repair catalytic converters, a receipt from a person or company that repairs, overhauls, dismantles, or works on motor vehicles U³Ù¾ß~3 þʪÿÙÝ ÿ·éuÛ9FøIB ‰+ëpWíxêèÃîã ‡ ( ÄH"“l"÷}Óòë {…{ £={ªè“¯ÄÓ(ñ5Iwÿ` ²¸¡ •¤¤q^ÿl¿êtµö6ÿÁ’Ú ÚŽó ... .
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